Rapid urbanisation, globalisation, and industrialisation are key drivers transforming food environments and dietary patterns globally. Changes in dietary patterns and nutritional outcomes, together termed the "nutrition transition", are significantly associated with the rising prevalence of overweight, obesity, and diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The personal domain of food environments encompasses a set of individual-level dimensions such as accessibility, affordability, convenience and desirability. Despite its critical role in influencing food acquisition, dietary habits, and health outcomes, this domain has received relatively little attention in low- and middle-income countries.

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This study addresses current research gaps by focusing on the personal domain of food environments among the urban poor. It employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches, and incorporates spatial dimensions through the Public Participation Geographic Information System (PPGIS). The research aims to explore the associations between the personal food environment, food purchasing behaviours, dietary behaviours, and nutritional status among the urban poor. The findings will provide robust evidence to inform policies and interventions for fostering healthier food environments in Malaysia. Ultimately, the study aspires to contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).